Scorify.uzTuzilishi
Past Perfect = had + fe'lning V3 shakli. Had barcha shaxslar bilan bir xil: I had, she had, they had. Inkorda had not (hadn't), savolda had gap boshiga chiqadi.
| Shakl | Misol |
|---|---|
| Darak | She had finished before I came. |
| Inkor | They hadn't eaten when we arrived. |
| Savol | Had you met him before? |
| Qisqa javob | Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't. |
Past Perfect va Past Simple
Past Simple voqealar ketma-ketligini shunchaki aytadi. Past Perfect esa "bundan oldin" degan ma'no qo'shadi. Taqqoslang: «When I got home, I had dinner» (uyga keldim, keyin ovqatlandim) va «When I got home, I had had dinner» (uyga kelganimda ovqatlanib bo'lgan edim).
Bir xil ketma-ketlikda bo'lgan voqealar uchun Past Simple yetarli. Past Perfect faqat tartib muhim yoki tushunarsiz bo'lib qolishi mumkin bo'lganda kerak.
- When we arrived, the film had already started. — Biz yetib borganimizda film allaqachon boshlangan edi.
- When we arrived, the film started. — Biz yetib borganimizda film boshlandi.
- I didn't know the answer because I hadn't read the text. — Javobni bilmasdim, chunki matnni o'qimagan edim.
Hikoya tartibi
Hikoya aytayotganda asosiy voqealarni Past Simple bilan, ulardan oldin bo'lgan orqa fonni Past Perfect bilan beramiz. Shunda o'quvchi vaqt qaysi tomonga ketayotganini yo'qotmaydi.
- Ali opened the door. Someone had broken the window. — Ali eshikni ochdi. Kimdir derazani sindirib ketgan edi.
- She was nervous because she had never flown before. — U asabiylashgan edi, chunki avval hech qachon uchmagan edi.
Before, after, by the time
After bilan ikki voqeani bog'lasak, avval bo'lgani Past Perfect da bo'lishi mumkin: «After he had left, we started». Ammo after allaqachon tartibni ko'rsatgani uchun Past Simple ham to'g'ri: «After he left, we started».
By the time «... ga kelib» ma'nosida: asosiy gap Past Simple, by the time dan keyingi qism ham Past Simple, lekin birinchi voqea Past Perfect da: «By the time we arrived, they had gone».
Before bilan odatda oldin bo'lgan voqea Past Perfect da bo'ladi: «She had left before he called».
- By the time he called, I had gone to bed. — U qo'ng'iroq qilganda, men allaqachon yotib qolgan edim.
- After they had eaten, they went out. — Ovqatlangandan keyin ular tashqariga chiqishdi.
- He had left before I got there. — Men yetib borguncha u ketgan edi.
Qaysi so'zlar bilan keladi?
- already — allaqachon: The shop had already closed.
- just — hozirgina: She had just left when I called.
- never / ever — hech qachon: I had never seen snow before.
- by + vaqt: By 6 o'clock, we had finished.
- when va because: gapda sababni ko'rsatganda.
Past Perfect ni qachon ishlatmaslik kerak?
Past Perfect ni ortiqcha ishlatish nutqni og'irlashtiradi. Agar voqealar xronologik tartibda aytilsa va tartib aniq bo'lsa, Past Simple yetarli: «I woke up, got dressed and left».
Shuningdek, Past Perfect doim ikkinchi o'tgan voqea bilan birga bo'ladi. Agar gapda o'tmishdagi boshqa nuqta ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, Past Simple yoki Present Perfect ni tanlang.
- Tezkor tekshiruv: gapda ikkita o'tgan voqea bormi? Qaysi biri avval sodir bo'ldi? Avvalgisiga had + V3.
- Sabab bildiruvchi gaplarda ko'pincha Past Perfect keladi: He was late because he had missed the bus.
- Birinchi marta haqida gapirganda: It was the first time I had flown.
- IELTS Speaking da bir-ikki Past Perfect gap javobingizni tabiiy va aniq qiladi.
- Mashq: kecha eng qiziq voqea haqida 4 gap yozing va oldin bo'lgan ishni Past Perfect bilan bering.
- I had lived in Tashkent for ten years before I moved to Bukhara. — Buxoroga ko'chib o'tishimdan oldin Toshkentda o'n yil yashagan edim.
- She was tired because she hadn't slept well. — U charchagan edi, chunki yaxshi uxlamagan edi.
- Had they been there before? — Ular avval u yerda bo'lganmidi?
- He said he had already paid the bill. — U hisobni allaqachon to'laganini aytdi.
O'zbek tilida so'zlashuvchilar uchun tipik xatolar
- Hamma o'tgan voqealarni Past Perfect bilan aytish: faqat oldin bo'lgan voqeaga had + V3 kerak. «I had woke up and had breakfast» emas.
- Had ni tushirib qoldirish: «When I came, she left» deganda U men kelgandan keyin ketdi degan ma'no chiqadi. «had left» ma'noni o'zgartiradi.
- V3 o'rniga V2 qo'yish: «I had went» xato, «I had gone» to'g'ri. Tartibsiz fe'llarni takrorlang.
- Hikoyada Present Perfect ishlatish: o'tgan voqea haqidagi hikoyada «He has left before I came» emas, «He had left before I came».
- «I'd» qisqartmasi had ham, would ham bo'lishi mumkin: I'd finished (had), I'd finish (would). Kontekstga qarang.