Scorify.uzDarak gaplar va backshift
Gapni o'tgan zamonda ko'chirganda (said, told) ichidagi fe'l odatda bir zamon «orqaga» suriladi. Bu backshift deyiladi: Present Simple → Past Simple, Past Simple → Past Perfect, will → would, can → could.
Olmoshlar ham mazmuniga qarab o'zgaradi: «I like it» deb aytgan Aziz haqida «He said he liked it» deymiz.
| To'g'ri gap | Ko'chirma gap |
|---|---|
| «I work here.» | She said she worked there. |
| «I am working.» | He said he was working. |
| «I have finished.» | She said she had finished. |
| «I went home.» | He said he had gone home. |
| «I will call you.» | She said she would call me. |
| «I can swim.» | He said he could swim. |
Say va tell farqi
Tell dan keyin doim kimga aytilgani keladi: «She told me she was tired». Say bilan to'ldiruvchi bo'lmaydi; kimga aytilgani kerak bo'lsa, say to ishlatiladi: «She said to me that she was tired».
- He said that he was busy. — U band ekanini aytdi.
- He told me that he was busy. — U menga band ekanini aytdi.
- She told the manager about the problem. — U menejerga muammo haqida aytdi.
Vaqt va joy so'zlari
Ko'chirma gap boshqa vaqtda aytilsa, vaqt va joy ko'rsatuvchi so'zlar ham o'zgaradi. Gap qayerda va qachon aytilganiga qarab to'g'ri variantni tanlang.
| To'g'ri gapda | Ko'chirma gapda |
|---|---|
| now | then / at that time |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
Ko'chirma savollar
Savol ko'chirilganda so'roq tartibi yo'qoladi va savol belgisi qo'yilmaydi. Wh-savollarda so'roq so'zi saqlanadi: «Where do you live?» → She asked where I lived. Ha/yo'q savollarda if yoki whether qo'shiladi.
- «Do you like coffee?» → He asked if I liked coffee. — «Kofe yoqadimi?» → U kofe yoqishini so'radi.
- «Where is the station?» → She asked where the station was. — «Bekat qayerda?» → U bekat qayerdaligini so'radi.
- «What time does it start?» → I asked what time it started. — Qachon boshlanishini so'radim.
Buyruq va iltimoslar
Buyruq va iltimosni to'g'ri infinitive bilan ko'chiramiz: tell/ask + kimga + (not) to + fe'l. Zamon siljishi bu yerda kerak emas.
- «Close the door.» → She told me to close the door. — «Eshikni yoping.» → U menga eshikni yopishni aytdi.
- «Please don't be late.» → He asked us not to be late. — U bizdan kechikmaslikni iltimos qildi.
Backshift qachon kerak emas?
- Ko'chirish fe'li hozirgi zamonda bo'lsa: He says he is busy.
- Gap hozir ham to'g'ri bo'lib turgan faktni ifodalasa: She said the Earth is round.
- Gap yaqinda aytilgan va hali dolzarb bo'lsa: He said he lives in Samarkand (hozir ham yashaydi).
- Would, could, should, might o'zgarmaydi.
Say, tell va boshqa fe'llar
Said va told dan tashqari ko'chirish uchun boshqa fe'llar ham bor: explain, answer, reply, mention, add. Ular gapni aniqroq qiladi: «He explained that the shop was closed», «She added that she would call back».
Yozma ishda va hikoyada bir xil «said» ni takrorlamang. Faqat to'g'ri fe'lni tanlash kifoya: ma'noni o'zgartirmaydi, lekin uslubni boyitadi. Bunday fe'llar (suggest, promise, admit) alohida qoliplar talab qiladi, ularni keyingi darslarda alohida o'rganasiz.
- Qisqa tartib: 1) kim aytdi? 2) zamonni bir pog'ona orqaga surdim? 3) olmoshni moslashtirdim? 4) vaqt so'zini almashtirdim?
- Agar «tomorrow» so'zi shu kunning o'zida ko'chirilsa, u o'zgarmaydi; faqat boshqa kunda ko'chirsangiz «the next day» bo'ladi.
- Ko'chirma gap nuqta bilan tugaydi: She asked if I was ready.
- Yozma ishda that ni tushirib qoldirish mumkin: He said (that) he was late.
- Say va tell dan keyin that ixtiyoriy, lekin rasmiy yozuvda uni qoldirish tartibliroq ko'rinadi.
- Ko'chirma gapni sinab ko'rish: avval to'g'ri gapni yozing, keyin uni qadam-baqadam o'zgartiring. Bu mashq tezda ko'nikma beradi.
- She said (that) she had lost her keys. — U kalitlarini yo'qotganini aytdi.
- He promised that he would help us. — U bizga yordam berishga va'da berdi.
- They told us the flight was delayed. — Ular bizga reys kechikkanini aytishdi.
- I asked her when the lesson began. — Undan dars qachon boshlanishini so'radim.
O'zbek tilida so'zlashuvchilar uchun tipik xatolar
- Ko'chirma savolda so'roq tartibini saqlash: «He asked where was the station» xato, «where the station was».
- Savol belgisini qo'yish: ko'chirma savol oxirida nuqta qo'yiladi, «?» emas.
- Say bilan to'ldiruvchi ishlatish: «He said me» xato; «He told me» yoki «He said to me».
- O'zbekcha «dedi» ga o'xshab to'g'ri gapni saqlab qolish: «She said she is tired» (hozir ham charchagan bo'lsa to'g'ri), lekin o'tgan voqea haqida «was tired» tabiiyroq.
- Olmoshlarni almashtirmaslik: «He said I like it» emas, «He said he liked it».