Scorify.uzAsosiy qoida: -s
Ko'pchilik otlarning oxiriga -s qo'shiladi: book → books, car → cars, student → students. Bu qoida so'zlarning katta qismi uchun ishlaydi. Agar ikkilanib qolsangiz, avval -s ni sinab ko'ring, keyin so'z oxiriga qarab imlo qoidasini tekshiring.
O'zbek tilida son bilan kelgan otda ko'plik qo'shimchasi kerak emas: «besh kitob». Ingliz tilida esa birdan ortiq son bo'lsa, ot ko'plikda bo'ladi: five books. «Five book» xato. Xuddi shunday, many, few, several, a lot of kabi so'zlardan keyin ham ko'plik ot keladi: many students, a few apples.
Ba'zan ko'plik qo'shimchasi so'zning ma'nosini ham o'zgartiradi: glass (stakan) va glasses (ko'zoynak), wood (yog'och) va woods (o'rmon). Bunday so'zlarni kontekstga qarab ajrating.
- I have two sisters. — Mening ikkita opa-singilim bor.
- There are many tourists in the old city. — Eski shaharda sayyohlar ko'p.
- There are ten chairs in the room. — Xonada o'nta stul bor.
-es, -ies va boshqa imlo qoidalari
| Ot qanday tugaydi | Qo'shimcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z | + es | bus → buses, class → classes, dish → dishes, watch → watches, box → boxes |
| undosh + y | y → ies | city → cities, baby → babies, country → countries |
| unli + y | + s | day → days, boy → boys, key → keys |
| -o (ba'zilari) | + es | tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes, hero → heroes |
| -o (boshqalar) | + s | photo → photos, piano → pianos, radio → radios |
| -f / -fe (ba'zilari) | f → ves | knife → knives, leaf → leaves, wife → wives, shelf → shelves |
Tartibsiz ko'plik
Ba'zi juda oddiy so'zlar o'zgacha shakllanadi. Ularni yodlash kerak, lekin ro'yxat uncha uzun emas.
Bu so'zlarni kartochkaga yozib, har kuni bir marta takrorlash foydali: bir hafta ichida hammasi yodda qoladi. Fish va sheep birlikda ham, ko'plikda ham bir xil. Shuningdek, jeans, trousers, scissors, glasses kabi so'zlar doim ko'plikda keladi: My jeans are new. Bitta shim uchun a pair of jeans deyiladi.
| Birlik | Ko'plik |
|---|---|
| man | men |
| woman | women |
| child | children |
| person | people |
| foot | feet |
| tooth | teeth |
| mouse | mice |
| fish | fish |
| sheep | sheep |
- The children are in the garden. — Bolalar bog'da.
- Two women and three men are waiting. — Ikki ayol va uch erkak kutib turibdi.
- These people are very friendly. — Bu odamlar juda xushmuomala.
Ko'plik ma'nosi va fe'l
Ko'plik otdan keyin fe'l ham ko'plik shaklida keladi: The books are on the table. Birlikda is, ko'plikda are, oddiy hozirgi zamonda esa he/she/it bilan -s bor, ko'plik ega bilan yo'q: The student works, the students work. Bu juft qoidani adashtirmaslik uchun avval ega birlikdami ko'plikdami, shuni aniqlang.
Ko'plikda a/an qo'yilmaydi: a book, lekin books yoki some books. Shuningdek, this ko'plikda these, that esa those bo'ladi: this book, these books.
Ba'zi otlar -s bilan tugaydi, lekin birlikda ishlatiladi: news (yangilik), mathematics, physics. The news is good. Bunday so'zlarda fe'l birlikda keladi.
Yana bir misol: money, water, rice kabi sanalmaydigan otlarning ko'pligi yo'q, shuning uchun ularga -s qo'shilmaydi. Bu haqda «some, any, much, many» qo'llanmasida batafsil yozilgan.
Yana bir foydali qoida: -s bilan tugagan ot ko'pligi faqat yozuvda emas, talaffuzda ham eshitilishi kerak. Ko'p o'zbek o'quvchilari oxirgi -s ni tushirib qoldiradi va gapni ko'plik emas, birlik sifatida aytadi. Buning oldini olish uchun yangi ko'plik so'zlarni doim -s bilan birga yodlang.
- The students work hard, but the teacher works harder. — Talabalar qattiq ishlaydi, o'qituvchi esa yana qattiqroq.
- These books are interesting. — Bu kitoblar qiziqarli.
- The news is very good today. — Bugun yangiliklar juda yaxshi.
Talaffuz: /s/, /z/ va /ɪz/
Yozuvda bitta -s, o'qilishda esa uch xil tovush. Qoida oxirgi tovushga bog'liq.
/ɪz/ shaklida qo'shimcha alohida bo'g'in beradi. Shuning uchun bus ning bir bo'g'ini bor, buses ning esa ikkita.
Mashq qilish uchun so'zni yakka aytib, oxirgi tovushini eshiting. Qo'l bilan tomoqni ushlab turing: /z/ da tovush paychalari tebranadi, /s/ da esa tebranmaydi. O'zbek tilida bunday ajratish yo'q, shuning uchun avval eshitib, keyin takrorlash kerak.
| Oxirgi tovush | Qo'shimcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| jarangsiz undosh: p, t, k, f | /s/ | cats /kæts/, books /bʊks/, cups /kʌps/ |
| jarangli tovush: b, d, g, l, m, n, unlilar | /z/ | dogs /dɒɡz/, beds /bedz/, pens /penz/ |
| s, z, sh, ch, j tovushlari | /ɪz/ | buses /ˈbʌsɪz/, watches /ˈwɒtʃɪz/, boxes /ˈbɒksɪz/ |
- Two buses and three taxis are waiting outside. — Tashqarida ikkita avtobus va uchta taksi kutib turibdi.
- I need new glasses and two pairs of socks. — Menga yangi ko'zoynak va ikki juft paypoq kerak.
- There are many babies and children in the park. — Bog'da ko'p chaqaloqlar va bolalar bor.
O'zbek tilida so'zlashuvchilar uchun tipik xatolar
- Son bilan ko'plik qo'shimchasini tashlab ketish: «three student» emas, three students.
- Tartibsiz so'zlarga -s qo'shish: «childs», «mans», «peoples» xato. To'g'risi children, men, people.
- Undosh + y ni -s bilan yozish: «citys», «babys» xato, cities va babies.
- People ko'plik hisoblanadi: «People is friendly» emas, People are friendly. Shu bilan birga «a people» deb aytilmaydi.
- Kiyim va asboblar nomi (jeans, scissors) doim ko'plik: «my jeans is» emas, my jeans are.
- Ko'plik -s ni hamma vaqt /s/ deb o'qish: dogs da /z/, buses da /ɪz/ eshitilishi kerak.