Ingliz tilida 12 zamon: jadval, misollar va qaysi birini avval o‘rganish

Ingliz tilida 12 ta asosiy zamon bor: har bir vaqt (hozir, o‘tgan, kelasi) to‘rt shaklga bo‘linadi — Simple, Continuous, Perfect va Perfect Continuous. Lekin boshlovchiga hammasi darhol kerak emas: avval Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple va “will” bilan kelasi zamonni o‘rganish yetarli.

Quyida to‘liq jadval, har bir zamonga bitta misol va qachon ishlatilishi berilgan. Jadvalni yodlash shart emas: avval 4 ta asosiy zamonni o‘zlashtiring, qolganlariga keyin qaytasiz.

12 zamonning umumiy jadvali

Zamon	Shakl	Misol
Present Simple	V1 / V1+s	I work every day. — Men har kuni ishlayman.
Present Continuous	am/is/are + V-ing	I am working now. — Men hozir ishlayapman.
Present Perfect	have/has + V3	I have worked here for a year. — Men bu yerda bir yildan beri ishlayman.
Present Perfect Continuous	have/has been + V-ing	I have been working since morning. — Ertalabdan beri ishlayapman.
Past Simple	V2	I worked yesterday. — Kecha ishladim.
Past Continuous	was/were + V-ing	I was working at 5 p.m. — Soat 5 da ishlayotgan edim.
Past Perfect	had + V3	I had worked before she called. — U qo‘ng‘iroq qilguncha ishlab bo‘lgandim.
Past Perfect Continuous	had been + V-ing	I had been working for two hours. — Ikki soatdan beri ishlayotgan edim.
Future Simple	will + V1	I will work tomorrow. — Ertaga ishlayman.
Future Continuous	will be + V-ing	I will be working at 9. — Soat 9 da ishlayotgan bo‘laman.
Future Perfect	will have + V3	I will have worked by Friday. — Juma kuniga qadar ishlab bo‘laman.
Future Perfect Continuous	will have been + V-ing	By June I will have been working here for a year. — Iyunga borib bu yerda bir yil ishlagan bo‘laman.

Hozirgi zamon (Present)

Present Simple — odat, doimiy haqiqat, jadval. Water boils at 100 degrees. (Suv 100 darajada qaynaydi.) Batafsil: Present Simple qoidasi.

Present Continuous — aynan hozir yoki shu kunlarda davom etayotgan ish. She is reading a book. (U kitob o‘qiyapti.) Batafsil: Present Continuous qoidasi.

Present Perfect — o‘tmishda boshlangan, lekin hozirga aloqasi bor ish yoki tajriba. I have lost my keys. (Kalitlarimni yo‘qotib qo‘ydim — hozir ham yo‘q.) Bu zamonda o‘tgan vaqt aniq aytilmaydi: yesterday bilan ishlatilmaydi.

Present Perfect Continuous — boshlangan va hozirgacha davom etayotgan jarayonga urg‘u beradi. It has been raining all day. (Kun bo‘yi yomg‘ir yog‘yapti.)

O‘tgan zamon (Past)

Past Simple — o‘tmishda tugagan aniq voqea. We visited Samarkand last summer. (O‘tgan yozda Samarqandga bordik.) Signal so‘zlar: yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago. Batafsil: Past Simple qoidasi.

Past Continuous — o‘tmishdagi biror paytda davom etayotgan ish yoki boshqa ish bo‘lingan fon. I was cooking when he arrived. (U kelganda men ovqat pishirayotgan edim.)

Past Perfect — o‘tmishdagi ikki voqeadan avval bo‘lgani. When we got to the station, the train had left. (Bekatga yetganimizda poyezd ketib bo‘lgandi.)

Past Perfect Continuous — o‘tmishdagi paytgacha davom etgan jarayon. She was tired because she had been studying all night. (U tun bo‘yi o‘qiganidan charchagan edi.)

Kelasi zamon (Future)

Future Simple — o‘sha zahoti qilingan qaror, bashorat, va’da. I think it will rain. (Menimcha, yomg‘ir yog‘adi.) Rejalashtirilgan ish uchun ko‘pincha be going to ishlatiladi: I am going to buy a laptop.

Future Continuous — kelajakdagi muayyan paytda davom etayotgan ish. This time tomorrow I will be flying to Dubai. (Ertaga shu payt Dubayga uchib ketayotgan bo‘laman.)

Future Perfect — kelajakdagi muddatgacha tugallanadigan ish. By 2030 she will have finished university.

Future Perfect Continuous — amalda juda kam uchraydi, ko‘proq rasmiy yoki yozma nutqda. Boshlovchi uni hozircha o‘tkazib yuborishi mumkin.

Qaysi zamonlarni birinchi o‘rganish kerak

Kundalik suhbatning katta qismi bir necha zamonda ketadi. Mana tavsiya etilgan tartib:

1. Present Simple — o‘zingiz, odatlaringiz, ishingiz haqida gapirish.
2. Present Continuous — hozir nima qilayotganingizni aytish.
3. Past Simple — nima bo‘lganini hikoya qilish.
4. Future Simple va be going to — rejalar.
5. Present Perfect — tajriba va natija (A2-B1 darajada).
6. Past Continuous — hikoyaga fon berish.
7. Qolgan Perfect Continuous va Future shakllari — B1 dan keyin.

Bu tartib beginner va elementary darslaridagi ketma-ketlikka yaqin. Present Perfect esa odatda pre-intermediate bosqichida chuqurroq o‘rganiladi.

Zamonlarni adashtirmaslik uchun 3 maslahat

• Signal so‘zlarga qarang. Every day, usually — Present Simple. Now, at the moment — Continuous. Yesterday, ago — Past Simple. Already, ever, never, since, for — Present Perfect.
• Soddalashtiring. Gap qaysi paytga tegishli: hozir, o‘tgan, kelasi? Keyin: oddiy fakt, davom etayotgan ish yoki natija?
• O‘z hayotingizdan gap tuzing. Har zamon uchun 3 tadan gap: I usually wake up at 6. I am drinking tea now.

O‘zbekcha o‘ylaganda yuz beradigan xatolar

O‘zbek tilida zamon shakllari boshqacha ishlaydi, shuning uchun quyidagi xatolar tez-tez uchraydi:

• I am agree emas, I agree. O‘zbekchada “roziman” deymiz, lekin inglizcha “agree” fe’l.
• I live here since 2020 emas, I have lived here since 2020. “since” bilan Present Perfect kerak.
• Yesterday I have seen him emas, Yesterday I saw him. Aniq o‘tgan vaqt bilan Past Simple.
• He go to school emas, He goes to school. -s ni unutmang.

Mini-test: zamonni toping

Quyidagi gaplarda qaysi zamon ishlatilganini o‘zingiz aniqlang, keyin javob bilan solishtiring.

1. My brother plays football on Sundays. — Present Simple (odat).
2. Listen! Someone is knocking at the door. — Present Continuous (hozir).
3. I have never been to London. — Present Perfect (tajriba).
4. They moved to Tashkent in 2018. — Past Simple (aniq yil).
5. I was sleeping when you called. — Past Continuous (fon).
6. I will call you tonight. — Future Simple (va’da).

Agar 6 tadan 4 tasini topsangiz, boshlang‘ich bosqich uchun yaxshi natija. Xato qilgan gapingizni daftarga ko‘chirib, sababini bir jumlada yozing: bu sizning shaxsiy xatolar ro‘yxatingizga aylanadi.

Qisqa xulosa

• Jami 12 zamon bor, lekin boshlovchiga 4-5 tasi yetadi.
• Avval Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Future (will / be going to).
• Signal so‘zlar zamonni topishga yordam beradi.
• Har zamonni o‘zingizga tegishli 3 ta gap bilan mashq qiling.

Har bir zamon uchun o‘zbekcha tushuntirish va mashqlarni ingliz tili qoidalari bo‘limida topasiz. Scorify.uz da 7 kun bepul: darslar o‘zbek tilida, talaffuz audiosi bilan.